Cases distribution in 🇳🇬 Sokoto
| Variable | cases |
controls |
p-value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, n (%) | 0.068 | ||
| 7-27 days | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| 1-4 years | 17 (24%) | 28 (12%) | |
| 5-9 years | 33 (46%) | 110 (46%) | |
| 10-14 years | 22 (31%) | 97 (41%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 46 | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.5 | ||
| Male | 42 (58%) | 152 (64%) | |
| Female | 30 (42%) | 84 (35%) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 46 | |
| 1
Fisher’s exact test |
|||
Variable |
cases |
controls |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any problem of gastrointestinal tract, n (%) | 45 (63%) | 4 (1.4%) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal distention, n (%) | 44 (61%) | 4 (1.4%) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal pain, n (%) | 42 (58%) | 4 (1.4%) | <0.001 |
| Fever, n (%) | 21 (29%) | 7 (2.5%) | <0.001 |
| Vomiting, n (%) | 23 (32%) | 4 (1.4%) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhoea, n (%) | 15 (21%) | 4 (1.4%) | <0.001 |
| Loss of appetite, n (%) | 19 (26%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Sweating or chills (day or night), n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 5 (1.8%) | >0.9 |
| Any chest problem, n (%) | 4 (5.6%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.017 |
| Wheeze, n (%) | 3 (4.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.008 |
| Blood in stool, n (%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.041 |
| Cough, n (%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.041 |
| Breathlessness, n (%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.041 |
| Pale stool, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Excessive salivation, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Any muscle or bone problem, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Fatigue or malaise, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Muscle pain or aching, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| ...with sputum, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Any ear, nose or throat problem, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Pain in mouth, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Runny nose, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Swallowing problem, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Difficult swallow, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Painful swallow, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. |
|||
| 1 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test |
|||
Antibiotics use
57%
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any problem of gastrointestinal tract | 45 |
62.5%
|
45 / 72 |
| Abdominal distention | 44 |
61.1%
|
44 / 72 |
| Abdominal pain | 42 |
58.3%
|
42 / 72 |
| Vomiting | 23 |
31.9%
|
23 / 72 |
| Fever | 21 |
29.2%
|
21 / 72 |
| Loss of appetite | 19 |
26.4%
|
19 / 72 |
| Diarrhoea | 15 |
20.8%
|
15 / 72 |
| Any chest problem | 4 |
5.6%
|
4 / 72 |
| Wheeze | 3 |
4.2%
|
3 / 72 |
| Blood in stool | 2 |
2.8%
|
2 / 72 |
| Cough | 2 |
2.8%
|
2 / 72 |
| Breathlessness | 2 |
2.8%
|
2 / 72 |
| Sweating or chills (day or night) | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Pale stool | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Excessive salivation | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Any muscle or bone problem | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Fatigue or malaise | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Muscle pain or aching | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| ...with sputum | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Any ear, nose or throat problem | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Pain in mouth | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Runny nose | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Swallowing problem | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Difficult swallow | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Painful swallow | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| ...with blood | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Any neurological problems | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Altered level of consciousness | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Seizures | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Muscle cramps | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Sore throat | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Any eye problem | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Pain or redness in the eye | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis (active) | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Congenital anomaly | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Chronic heart disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Chronic lung disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Chronic neurologic condition | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Chronic liver disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Diabetes | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Hematological Disorders | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| HIV | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Cancer | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Other immunosuppressive condition | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yellow fever | 6 |
8.3%
|
6 / 72 |
| IPV | 5 |
6.9%
|
5 / 72 |
| BCG | 5 |
6.9%
|
5 / 72 |
| Hepatitis A vaccine | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Hepatitis B vaccine | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Rotavirus | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Mumps and Rubella (MMR) | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
Variable |
cases |
controls |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 39 (54%) | 2 (0.7%) | <0.001 |
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen, n (%) | 6 (8.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.001 |
| Other medications, n (%) | 4 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002 |
| Cough Medicine, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. |
|||
| 1 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test |
|||
Variable |
cases |
controls |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Access to a latrine or toilet, n (%) | 69 (96%) | 189 (67%) | <0.001 |
| Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?, n (%) | 47 (65%) | 48 (17%) | <0.001 |
| Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals, n (%) | 26 (36%) | 43 (15%) | <0.001 |
| Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 13 (18%) | 8 (2.8%) | <0.001 |
| Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 9 (13%) | 3 (1.1%) | <0.001 |
| Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness, n (%) | 8 (11%) | 2 (0.7%) | <0.001 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?, n (%) | 5 (6.9%) | 4 (1.4%) | 0.019 |
| Any contact with stray animals, n (%) | 5 (6.9%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.005 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?, n (%) | 2 (2.8%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.2 |
| Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 3 (4.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.028 |
| Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset, n (%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.041 |
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. |
|||
| 1 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test |
|||
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics | 39 |
54.2%
|
39 / 72 |
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen | 6 |
8.3%
|
6 / 72 |
| Other medications | 4 |
5.6%
|
4 / 72 |
| Cough Medicine | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Allergy medicine | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Aspirin | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Ibuprofen | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Herbal medicine/naturopathic/homeopathic medicine | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Access to a latrine or toilet | 69 |
95.8%
|
69 / 72 |
| Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand? | 47 |
65.3%
|
47 / 72 |
| Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals | 26 |
36.1%
|
26 / 72 |
| Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset | 13 |
18.1%
|
13 / 72 |
| Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset | 9 |
12.5%
|
9 / 72 |
| Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness | 8 |
11.1%
|
8 / 72 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time? | 5 |
6.9%
|
5 / 72 |
| Any contact with stray animals | 5 |
6.9%
|
5 / 72 |
| Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset | 3 |
30%
|
3 / 10 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)? | 2 |
2.8%
|
2 / 72 |
| Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset | 2 |
2.8%
|
2 / 72 |
| Any problem or exposure to different water prior to symptom onset | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Did the patient or household member start using any new personal care products (e.g. soaps, lotions) prior to symptom onset? | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Any national or overseas trip prior to symptom onset | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |