🇳🇬 Outbreak Investigation of Acute Ascites

Cases distribution in 🇳🇬 Sokoto

Variable	cases N = 72	controls N = 283	p-value ¹
Age, n (%)			0.068
7-27 days	0 (0%)	2 (0.8%)
1-4 years	17 (24%)	28 (12%)
5-9 years	33 (46%)	110 (46%)
10-14 years	22 (31%)	97 (41%)
Missing/Unknown	0	46
Sex, n (%)			0.5
Male	42 (58%)	152 (64%)
Female	30 (42%)	84 (35%)
Unknown	0 (0%)	1 (0.4%)
Missing/Unknown	0	46
¹ Fisher’s exact test

Variable	cases N = 72	controls N = 283	p-value ¹
Any problem of gastrointestinal tract, n (%)	45 (63%)	4 (1.4%)	<0.001
Abdominal distention, n (%)	44 (61%)	4 (1.4%)	<0.001
Abdominal pain, n (%)	42 (58%)	4 (1.4%)	<0.001
Fever, n (%)	21 (29%)	7 (2.5%)	<0.001
Vomiting, n (%)	23 (32%)	4 (1.4%)	<0.001
Diarrhoea, n (%)	15 (21%)	4 (1.4%)	<0.001
Loss of appetite, n (%)	19 (26%)	0 (0%)	<0.001
Sweating or chills (day or night), n (%)	1 (1.4%)	5 (1.8%)	>0.9
Any chest problem, n (%)	4 (5.6%)	2 (0.7%)	0.017
Wheeze, n (%)	3 (4.2%)	0 (0%)	0.008
Blood in stool, n (%)	2 (2.8%)	0 (0%)	0.041
Cough, n (%)	2 (2.8%)	0 (0%)	0.041
Breathlessness, n (%)	2 (2.8%)	0 (0%)	0.041
Pale stool, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Excessive salivation, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Any muscle or bone problem, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Fatigue or malaise, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Muscle pain or aching, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
...with sputum, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Any ear, nose or throat problem, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Pain in mouth, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Runny nose, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Swallowing problem, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Difficult swallow, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Painful swallow, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
¹ Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

Antibiotics use

57%

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Any problem of gastrointestinal tract	45	62.5%	45 / 72
Abdominal distention	44	61.1%	44 / 72
Abdominal pain	42	58.3%	42 / 72
Vomiting	23	31.9%	23 / 72
Fever	21	29.2%	21 / 72
Loss of appetite	19	26.4%	19 / 72
Diarrhoea	15	20.8%	15 / 72
Any chest problem	4	5.6%	4 / 72
Wheeze	3	4.2%	3 / 72
Blood in stool	2	2.8%	2 / 72
Cough	2	2.8%	2 / 72
Breathlessness	2	2.8%	2 / 72
Sweating or chills (day or night)	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Pale stool	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Excessive salivation	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Any muscle or bone problem	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Fatigue or malaise	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Muscle pain or aching	1	1.4%	1 / 72
...with sputum	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Any ear, nose or throat problem	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Pain in mouth	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Runny nose	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Swallowing problem	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Difficult swallow	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Painful swallow	1	1.4%	1 / 72
...with blood	0	0%	0 / 72
Any neurological problems	0	0%	0 / 72
Altered level of consciousness	0	0%	0 / 72
Seizures	0	0%	0 / 72
Muscle cramps	0	0%	0 / 72
Sore throat	0	0%	0 / 72
Any eye problem	0	0%	0 / 72
Pain or redness in the eye	0	0%	0 / 72

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Tuberculosis (active)	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Congenital anomaly	0	0%	0 / 72
Chronic heart disease	0	0%	0 / 72
Chronic lung disease	0	0%	0 / 72
Chronic neurologic condition	0	0%	0 / 72
Chronic liver disease	0	0%	0 / 72
Chronic kidney disease	0	0%	0 / 72
Diabetes	0	0%	0 / 72
Hematological Disorders	0	0%	0 / 72
HIV	0	0%	0 / 72
Cancer	0	0%	0 / 72
Other immunosuppressive condition	0	0%	0 / 72

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Yellow fever	6	8.3%	6 / 72
IPV	5	6.9%	5 / 72
BCG	5	6.9%	5 / 72
Hepatitis A vaccine	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Hepatitis B vaccine	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Rotavirus	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Mumps and Rubella (MMR)	0	0%	0 / 72

Variable	cases N = 72	controls N = 283	p-value ¹
Antibiotics, n (%)	39 (54%)	2 (0.7%)	<0.001
Paracetamol/acetaminophen, n (%)	6 (8.3%)	2 (0.7%)	0.001
Other medications, n (%)	4 (5.6%)	0 (0%)	0.002
Cough Medicine, n (%)	1 (1.4%)	0 (0%)	0.2
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
¹ Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

Variable	cases N = 72	controls N = 283	p-value ¹
Access to a latrine or toilet, n (%)	69 (96%)	189 (67%)	<0.001
Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?, n (%)	47 (65%)	48 (17%)	<0.001
Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals, n (%)	26 (36%)	43 (15%)	<0.001
Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset, n (%)	13 (18%)	8 (2.8%)	<0.001
Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%)	9 (13%)	3 (1.1%)	<0.001
Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness, n (%)	8 (11%)	2 (0.7%)	<0.001
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?, n (%)	5 (6.9%)	4 (1.4%)	0.019
Any contact with stray animals, n (%)	5 (6.9%)	2 (0.7%)	0.005
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?, n (%)	2 (2.8%)	2 (0.7%)	0.2
Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%)	3 (4.2%)	1 (0.4%)	0.028
Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset, n (%)	2 (2.8%)	0 (0%)	0.041
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
¹ Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Antibiotics	39	54.2%	39 / 72
Paracetamol/acetaminophen	6	8.3%	6 / 72
Other medications	4	5.6%	4 / 72
Cough Medicine	1	1.4%	1 / 72
Allergy medicine	0	0%	0 / 72
Aspirin	0	0%	0 / 72
Ibuprofen	0	0%	0 / 72
Herbal medicine/naturopathic/homeopathic medicine	0	0%	0 / 72

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Access to a latrine or toilet	69	95.8%	69 / 72
Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?	47	65.3%	47 / 72
Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals	26	36.1%	26 / 72
Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset	13	18.1%	13 / 72
Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset	9	12.5%	9 / 72
Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness	8	11.1%	8 / 72
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?	5	6.9%	5 / 72
Any contact with stray animals	5	6.9%	5 / 72
Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset	3	30%	3 / 10
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?	2	2.8%	2 / 72
Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset	2	2.8%	2 / 72
Any problem or exposure to different water prior to symptom onset	0	0%	0 / 72
Did the patient or household member start using any new personal care products (e.g. soaps, lotions) prior to symptom onset?	0	0%	0 / 72
Any national or overseas trip prior to symptom onset	0	0%	0 / 72